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Types of mechanical forces

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A force exerted on a body can cause a change in either the shape or the motion of the body.The unit of force in SI system is the Newton(N) and CGS system is dyne.No solid body is perfectly rigid and when force are applied to it,changes in dimension occur.such changes are not always perceptible to the human eye since they are negligible. For the example,The span of a bridge will sag under the weight of a vehicle and a spanner will bend slightly when tightening a nut. It is also important for civil engineers and designers to appreciate the effects of forces on materials.Together with their mechanical properties of the materials. There three main types of mechanical forces that can act on a body.They are 1)Tensile force 2) compressive force and 3) shear force
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Ultrasonic welding:

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Ultrasonic welding is a cold-joining process(I.e.,solid- state welding).In this case ,a bond is produced by ultrasonic vibratory energy in the weld region.The equipment necessary for ultrasonic welding is shown in fig.It includes a transducer,a velocity transformer with a sonotrode tip and a suitable anvil.The prob induces lateral vibrations on workpieces such that surface films are broken and bond results due to slip between clean surfaces under pressure.The operation should be stopped as soon as weld is complete. This is to avoid bonding of prob with upper workpiece.


ADVANTAGES:

1) Absence of generated heat.

2) Dissimilar metals can be joined.

3) No oxidation and distortion

4) The welding time is only about one second or less.

DISADVANTAGE:

1) The maximum thickness is limited to 0.3 to 2.5mm


APPLICATIONS:

The ultrasonic welding is employed for spot welding and seam welding of thin strips or foils.It can also be used for welding aluminium up to 2.5mm thick.The process is mostly used for welding dissimilar metals such as aluminium to stainless steel and aluminum to copper l.It has been used for refractory metals such as titanium and zirconium. 

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