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Types of mechanical forces

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A force exerted on a body can cause a change in either the shape or the motion of the body.The unit of force in SI system is the Newton(N) and CGS system is dyne.No solid body is perfectly rigid and when force are applied to it,changes in dimension occur.such changes are not always perceptible to the human eye since they are negligible. For the example,The span of a bridge will sag under the weight of a vehicle and a spanner will bend slightly when tightening a nut. It is also important for civil engineers and designers to appreciate the effects of forces on materials.Together with their mechanical properties of the materials. There three main types of mechanical forces that can act on a body.They are 1)Tensile force 2) compressive force and 3) shear force
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SUBMERGED ARC WELDING:

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Submerged arc welding is used for the production of long continuous weldings.In this case,a bare electrode (1.5-10mm) in the form of continuous wire is used; and the arc is struck between electrode wire and work piece under the flux,consisting of lime,silica,magnesium oxide,calcium fluoride and other elements.The flux is fed as a powder in front of the electrode.the flux near the arc melts and forms a protective coating of slag, which is easily detached from finished weld.The rate of cooling of the weld metal is slow,and it is also protected from atmosphere while cooling.The principle of submerged arc welding is shown in fig.In this case,an automatic feeding device ensures that the gap between the electrode and the base metal is constant.Electric current usually range between 300A and 2000A.The power supply is from a standard single or three phase power lines with a primary rating up to 440V.




ADVANTAGES:

The process offers the following advantages:

1)High rate of deposition

2)No visible arc with little fumes and spatter

3)Smooth weld surface for long lengths

4)High quality welds of excellent penetration,and

5)Weld area is free from surface ripples.

LIMITATIONS:

The process has the following limitations:

1) process is not flexible,and reqires costly equipment.

2) Slag must be removed after each pass

3) Process is not suitable for thin plates and for overhead welding,and limited to the flat or horizontal position welds.

APPLICATIONS:

Developed in the 1940s,submerged arc welding (SAW) Process is best suited for the continuous welding of components having 12 to 50mm thickness. This process is used to weld a variety of carbon and alloy steel,and stainless steel sheets.Typical applications are the welding of pressure vessels,boiler plates and pipes.

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